About DrAlice

Dr. Alice Cash is one of the world’s few clinical musicologists. Based in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, she brings to her work over 40 years of professional experience as a college professor, clinical therapist, solo and chamber music performer and composer. Since 1990, Dr. Cash has been in the field of Music Medicine and conducted clinical research at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, under the guidance of Dr. Joel Elkes, Dr. Leah Dickstein, and Dr. Rif El-Mallakh. Her clinical work at the University of Louisville lead to her career in music medicine. In addition to her work with the University of Louisville, Dr. Cash lead the development of using music a hospital setting at Baptist East Hospital, Louisvile, KY. She has founded 3 companies: Healing Music Enterprises, Surgical Serenity Solutions and Crescent Hill Counseling.
"Tune Your Life with Music!"

Music is as powerful as benzodiazepines

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Having surgery is a frightening and stressful situation. Even before that, NEEDING surgery is a frightening and stressful situation.

Oftentimes people go to a doctor appointment thinking that they have just a few aches and pains, but nothing serious. After testing and examination, the doctor informs them that they will need surgery to correct a condition that will get worse or perhaps to replace a joint that will continue to deteriorate.

Sometimes, a routine medical test, like a colonoscopy or endoscopy can cause tremendous anxiety and stress. In these situations, doctors often prescribe benzodiazepines such as Valium, Xanax of Ativan. These modern drugs work very effectively, but like everything, there’s also a downside.

Benzodiazepines are intended for short-term use, but they work so effectively in terms of reducing anxiety and stress, that sometimes people want to keep taking them for much longer than intended. With severe overuse, or in combination with other drugs, like opioids, damage to the brain, liver, and other organs, can occur.

Now, a new meta-analysis published on the National Institutes of Health website documents that the right therapeutic music can be as powerful as benzodiazepines! This is great news.

A significant percentage of patients had their perioperative anxiety level reduced (as measured by the Visual Analog Scale for Anxiety) with an effectiveness similar to benzodiazepines.

Surgical Serenity Solutions provides an easy solution for music medicine in the perioperative period

Surgical Serenity Solutions has been providing preloaded headphones and MP3 players for hospitals and surgery centers since 2009. Our therapeutic playlists have been curated and sequenced by a clinical musicologist and in 2018 we introduced our mobile app on both the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store.

Both hospitals and individual patients can purchase the preloaded headphones or the App to take into their procedures.

And now, dentists, opthalmologists, psychiatrists and all kinds of other specialists are using our devices in their clinics and recommending the app to the patients to listen to at home, before and after their procedures.

Are YOU ready to step into the future with Surgical Serenity Solutions?

Our Hospital Starter Kit is a popular tool for hospitals and Ambulatory Surgery Centers to start their own Music with Surgery programs and give your patients the powerful gift of therapeutic music for their procedures.

Either the preloaded headphones or the preloaded MP3 players will be a huge asset for the patient filled with anxiety and perhaps, previous negative experience with anesthesia.

In addition, your patient satisfaction score will soar and your marketing department will have access to all of our articles, research and blog post for their daily blasts! Definitely a win-win.

Let me know if you have any questions or how we can help you get started!

 

Read the full article here.

 

 

 

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Our veterans deserve music that can help them heal, physically and emotionally

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Our veterans deserve therapeutic music to heal

Our veterans deserve music that can help them heal, physically and emotionally. Since Surgical Serenity Solutions began providing pre-loaded headphones for surgical patients in 2009, the VA hospitals have been our #1  customer. Music therapy has always been important at VA hospitals and that is actually where the modern day music therapy profession first took root, right after WWII when soldiers cam back with serious injuries and mental health issues that left them depressed and with PTSD (although that term was not yet used right after WWII.)

How our relationship began

Our first interaction with VA hospitals came in 2013 when the Robley Rex VA hospital in Louisville, Kentucky suggested doing a research study under the guidance of Dr. Earl Gaar, Chief of Surgery there. Dr Gaar is also a gifted trumpet player and was well aware of the power of music with all populations inside the VA hospital and clinics there. But surgery was an area that had never been considered for their music therapy services because outsiders cannot be in a surgery procedure. Only the patient, surgeon, anesthesiologist and various nurses can be in the operating rooms.

In addition, when he read my writings about music medicine in surgery, he realized that ambient music is really not heard by the patient, but music that comes through headphones directly through the eighth cranial nerve is perceived. And the patient’s body (heart-rate and breathing} are able to entrain or synchronize, to the slow, steady pulse of the music. The music that the surgeon chooses is not heard by the patient and that’s a good thing because the OR staff typically chooses something upbeat in tempo and mood, and that is really not best for the patient.

The study was conducted during 2014-2015 and was looking at whether or not patients receiving our Surgical Serenity music through preloaded headphones perceived less pain during and after their procedure. As we expected, the patients listening to our therapeutic classical playlist, experienced significantly less pain.

Read the study here. 

Surgical Serenity Solutions delivery of therapeutic music optionsSince this study was published in 2015, many other VA hospitals from around the country have purchased and utilized our preloaded headphones for  surgery as well as pain management, behavioral health, and even OB/GYN. Other VA hospitals have now also purchased our preloaded MP3 players which are very cost-effective when bought in quantity.

But we’ve really just scratched the surface. In 2023 we added the pre-loaded MP3 players to our list of products. The MP3 players are a way to maximize the hospitals with a smaller budget by offering 4-5 players for the price of one pre-loaded headphones. The only difference is that the headphones are cordless and the MP3 players have cords.

Why VA Hospitals are so important right now

As of 2026, our country is at war. The war was totally unexpected and is now dragging on much longer than expercted. Wounded veterans are already being admitted to our already busy hospitals. While the numbers of veterans increase, the number of employees is decreasing. Not only are there not enough surgeons and anesthesiologists being employed, there are not nearly enough music therapists on staff. Music therapists are trained to do group therapy as well is individual music therapy. But rarely do veterans get an individual music therapy session.

You can help our Vets with therapeutic music

If you are a medical professional or hospital administrator, you can provide comfort and healing with these powerful yet cost-effective players and playlists. Many VA hospitals are already using them with great results.

For more information go to our Home page and look under the “For Medical Facilities” heading. 

 

If you have questions, contact us here

 

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Dental work, the dreaded drill, and Surgical Serenity Solutions playlists

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Have you been to the dentist lately?  A new friend of mine went last week and was telling me on a Tuesday how much she was dreading it on Thursday. Of course I could hardly wait to tell her about the Surgical Serenity Solutions playlists that so many people like to use during their dental procedures.

From the minute I started writing about and promoting my Surgical Serenity headphones and playlists, invariably people would exclaim, “Dentistry!! Please tell dentists to get these!

The birth of the SSS app!

Then I began to think about creating a downloadable app for my playlists. One that anyone could download onto their phone before a patient had dental work or a colonoscopy or a knee replacement …whatever!

Dental anxiety and dental pain seem to be truly universal and experienced by the majority of humans.

The sound of the drill is what seems to freak out people the most. And I totally understand because I feel the same way. If you’ve had even one accidental touching of a nerve by the drill or other dental tool, you know what I’m talking about! The whole time a stranger is in my mouth, I’m just waiting for that accidental touching of a nerve.

But when I use the Jazz Playlist and my earbuds, or SSS headphones, I’m already more relaxed be the dentist of dental hygienist start their work. And when we’re more relaxed we’re less apt to jump or move suddenly and erratically why they clean our teeth, drill out cavities, or even pull teeth.

Patients love using app at the dentist to block the drill

Of course we need to see the dentist regularly! I have to have special periodontic cleanings 4 times a year. I’m actually going to a new periodontist tomorror morning, now that I’ve moved to Sarasota! I will be taking my AirPods and iPhone app for sure!

If you dread the drill and have a dental appointment coming up, just download one of our apps at www.surgicalserenitysolutions.com/calm. Each app is a $9.99 download and you never pay again! Keep it for life!

Best wishes for a calm and successful dental appointment!

 

 

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QID 477 multimodal pain management-with therapeutic music

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gynecologic surgery QID 744Recently I became aware of QID 477 multimodal pain management (also known as MS-DRG 744). It is a Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) focusing on Multimodal Pain Management,  requiring clinicians to use multimodal pain management for patients 18+ undergoing selected gynecological surgical procedures.

It mandates using two or more non-opioid medications or techniques with different mechanisms, such as NSAIDsacetaminophen, or regional anesthesia, to improve pain control while minimizing opioid reliance.

But there are other non-opioid techniques that are also effective for pain management like therapeutic music!

However, the medical record must explicitly prove that the patient possessed a legitimate, actively treated secondary condition (such as acute kidney injury, severe hemorrhage, or uncontrolled diabetes) alongside their primary reproductive surgery. 

I am on a mission to make Surgical Serenity Solutions’s therapeutic playlists a powerful and OBVIOUS choice for satisfying the requirements of QID 477 multimodal pain management mandate.

If you are an anesthesiologist, would you be interested in applying our music medicine as a non-opioid pain management technique?

Here’s a link to some research showing the effectiveness of music for pain management.

Here’s a link to our Hospital Starter Kit

Please leave a comment with your thoughts.

 

 

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Is it Music Therapy or Music Medicine; how to tell

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Do you know the difference between music therapy and music medicine? In a nutshell, music therapy is active music making between a music therapist and a patient, where a relationship is formed and non-musical goals are met using music therapy, Music medicine is a prescribed, passive intervention. In the case of Surgical Serenity Solutions, the patient going into surgery or another stressful medical/dental procedure, is prescribed or given a therapeutic playlist on cordless headphones. The patient chooses their preferred genre of music.

Music as a healing intervention is getting a lot of attention these days! But some people use the terms interchangeably and they are definitely not the same. Because of all the confusion going on, I decided to make an easy-to-read chart so that you can know immediately which you want to use.

This chart is useful both for medical facilities and patients. Please note that music therapists can also prescribe music medicine especially for patients that they can’t get to in a day’s work.

Click the chart to open the PDF, which you can download if you want.

There is a lot of information here! Please leave a comment if you have any questions at all.

 

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Binaural Beats in Surgery?

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SSS is moving to Sarasota, FloridaMusic with surgery and in the perioperative period has been around for a while now. Binaural beats have also been around for a long time. NOW, we have added binaural beats to one of our existing playlists.

At the request of one of our Ambulatory Surgery Centers, our sound engineer added binaural beats to the Smooth Jazz playlist. The results have been great! Although the sound of binaural beats (always through headphones) is barely perceptible to not perceptible to the conscious ear, the effect is there and the patients having joint replacements (in this case) are loving it!

What ARE binaural beats? Of course there are many ways to describe them, but one of my favorite definitions comes from : https://thehumancondition.com/binaural-beats/

“Listening to two different tones, one in each ear, causes the brain to create an auditory illusion of a third tone resembling “one tone that fluctuates in frequency or loudness: a beat.”1 This extra tone is referred to as a “binaural beat” and is registered by the brain as the difference between the two tones. However, for this to occur, each tone must have a frequency of less than 1,000 Hz, with no more than a 30 Hz difference between the two tones, and both tones must enter the ears simultaneously.2

For example, a tone at 300 Hz heard in the right ear and one at 318 Hz in the left ear will cause the brain to interpret a binaural beat of 18 Hz. The brain will begin to match this in a process called “frequency following response.” Binaural beats may impact “brain activity, behavior, and mood” 2 and can help individuals to achieve a desired mental state.”

As alway, the headphones are placed on the patient’s head during the preoperative period, after the patient has changed into the surgical gown and had the IV placed. I have seen this happen many, many times and as soon as headphones go on, the patient closes their eyes and exhales a huge sigh of relief, as the soothing therapeutic music begins to wash over them.

Is this as good as or better than using Valium, Xanax, or Ativan? I believe that it is much better because these aforementioned benzodiazepines have addictive potential and when the patient is already going to get anesthesia and pain medication, why not eliminate it from the pre-op period?  Addiction is a big problem in our society and people who never did a drug recreationally can take anxiety or pain medication after a surgery and become addicted. Remember, addiction is a disease in itself and if other factors are already there, addiction becomes a way to self-medicate and it gets worse and worse, sometimes slowly, sometimes quickly.

Adding binaural beats to the Jazz playlist has been positive step forward.

When a hospital or ASC (ambulatory surgery center) order headphones, MP3 players, or licenses the app, getting the Jazz playlist with binaural beats is an option. When you order the Hospital Starter Kit, you will get 12 preloaded headphones and you can choose which or the playlists you want, a mix, or all one playlist. Each headphone contains one hour-long playlist that repeats continuously though the surgery.

To learn more about the Hospital Starter Kit, click on the link and you can either buy immediately, fill out our form to ask more questions, or set up a call or a Zoom!

Give your patients a safe and enjoyable way to go into surgery and avoid the potential problems that can come with other medications. The devices are worn throughout the perioperative period and the patient DOES respond to the steady pulse of our music (through the process of rhythmic entrainment) even when under general anesthesia. (a frequently asked question).

Check it out now! Hospital Starter Kit.

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Surgical Serenity Solutions moving its headquarters to Florida

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patient using our mobile app

Patient uses our app playlist during colonosopy.

After getting off to a strong and stable beginning in Louisville, Kentucky, Surgical Serenity Solutions is moving its headquarters to Sarasota, Florida. In Louisville, we had great, unlimited access to the University of Louisville School of Medicine. We also developed strong relationships with Baptist Health systems here, Norton Hospital system, and the V.A. Robley Rex Hospital.

The surgeons, anesthesiologists, administrators and surgical nurses have been invaluable to us and I know we will continue to stay in touch as we grow and reach out to hospitals and surgery centers around the country. But progress marches on and Sarasota has been calling to us for some time now.

Not only are there far more hospitals and surgery centers in Florida but the weather suits me extremely well and I can handle a small hurricane every now and then, given that there’s always lots of warning.

How will this affect YOU?? Not at all. Although our focus has shifted from individual patients to large hospital systems as well as free-standing surgery centers, we will still be happy to sell individual patients a headphones or two. And of course we will always strongly recommend our surgery app with all five choices available.

As a little aside, yesterday I ran into a physician friend at the fitness center we both go to and he asked when i was going to get a playlist of country music. I laughingly explained to him that there really just wasn’t any country music that fit my requirements.  Music has such personal associations and we want music that won’t trigger any negative memories. I would think country music could easily do that!!

Music that is best for surgery is really in a totally unique category that doesn’t have the requirements of music for entertainment or even music that music therapists use. As one of the few clinical musicologists, I have curated and sequenced five playlists in five genres that will get you or your patients through surgical procedure with calm and serenity.

In fact, our music does have unique advantages over music therapy and streaming services.  To see a comparison, click here.

If you live anywhere in Florida and would like to come to Sarasota for an introductory meeting, please let me know!

If you are a hospital administrator, surgeon or anesthesiologist, I’d be happy to set up a Zoom meeting with you to introduce our products and services. Just go to www.surgicalserenitysolutions.com/contact-us. 

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30 Top Research Studies on Music with Surgery

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The Concept of music with surgery is probably ancient. In ancient times, however, surgery had to be done but there were no standard methods for treating pain so every surgeon did what he could.

In ancient Egypt, Greece opium was used for pain and Hippocrates acknowledged its benefits.

Willow bark was also used because it contains salicylic acid.

The Incas

In the Meditteranean

Hole J., Hirsch M., Ball E., Meads C. (2015). Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults. The Lancet.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26277246/

https://www.thelancet.com/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60169-6[2]

Kühlmann A.Y.R., de Rooij A., Kroese L.F., van Dijk M., Hunink M.G.M., Jeekel J. (2018). Meta-analysis of perioperative music interventions. British Journal of Surgery.

Open-access PDF (author version):
https://pure.eur.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/47913552/REPUB_105946-OA.pdf

Bradt J., Dileo C., Shim M. (2013). Music interventions for preoperative anxiety. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23450592/

Nilsson U. (2008). The anxiety- and pain-reducing effects of music interventions: systematic review. AORN Journal.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18262042/

Top 30 Studies on Music and Surgery

 

Nilsson U., Rawal N., Unosson M. (2003). A comparison of intra-operative or postoperative exposure to music. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12648190/

Lepage C., Drolet P., Girard M., Grenier Y., DeGagné R. (2001). Music decreases sedative requirements during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11574347/

Ayoub C., Rizk L., Yaacoub C., et al. (2005). Music and ambient operating room noise effects on sedation requirements. Anesthesia & Analgesia.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16116012/

Wang S.M., Kulkarni L., Dolev J., Kain Z.N. (2002). Music and preoperative anxiety. Anesthesia & Analgesia.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21507021/

Bringman H., Giesecke K., Thörne A., Bringman S. (2009). Relaxing music reduces patient anxiety during surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19154564/

Lee K.C., Chao Y.H., Yiin J.J., Chiang P.Y., Chao Y.F. (2011). Effectiveness of music listening in surgical patients: systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21507021/

Sendelbach S., Halm M.A., Doran K.A., Miller E.H., Gaillard P. (2006). Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological outcomes in cardiac surgery patients.

Likely: Clinical Nursing Research / Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing paper; indexable via PubMed search “Sendelbach Halm Doran Miller Gaillard music therapy cardiac surgery”.

Chan M.F., Wong Z.Y., Onishi H., Thayala N.V. (2010). Effects of music on depression and sleep quality in elderly patients. Complementary Therapies in Medicine.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20688256/

Koelsch S., Fuermetz J., Sack U., et al. (2011). Effects of music listening on cortisol and emotional responses. Frontiers in Psychology.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21734851/ (full text in Frontiers)

Padmanabhan R., Hildreth A.J., Laws D. (2005). Music improves patient satisfaction in ambulatory surgery. Anaesthesia.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16179047/

Good M., Stanton-Hicks M., Grass J.A., et al. (1999). Relaxation and music to reduce postoperative pain.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10380212/

Evans D. (2002). The effectiveness of music as an intervention for hospital patients: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12366650/

Allen K., Blascovich J. (1994). Effects of music on cardiovascular reactivity among surgical patients.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8134425/

Schneider S.M., Ellis M., Coombs W.T., Shonkwiler E.L., Folsom L.C. (2003). Virtual reality and music therapy for pain management.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14509327/

Chlan L., et al. (2013). Patient-directed music intervention in ICU reduces anxiety. American Journal of Critical Care.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23589506/

McCaffrey R., Locsin R. (2002). Music listening as a nursing intervention: a systematic review.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12387263/

Twiss E., Seaver J., McCaffrey R. (2006). The effect of music listening on postoperative pain and anxiety.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16905964/

Phumdoung S., Good M. (2003). Music reduces sensation and distress of labor pain.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583108/

Pelletier C.L. (2004). The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: a meta-analysis.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15327956/

Cooke M., Chaboyer W., Schluter P., Hiratos M.A. (2005). The effect of music on preoperative anxiety.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15811174/

Lin P.C., Lin M.L., Huang L.C., Hsu H.C., Lin C.C. (2011). Music therapy reduces anxiety in surgical patients.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21193186/

Fu V.X., et al. (2019). The effect of perioperative music on medication requirements: meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807469/

Bradt J., Dileo C., Potvin N. (2013/2015). Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440799/

Thoma M.V., et al. (2013). The effect of music on the human stress response.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23541122/

Bringman H., Giesecke K., Thörne A., Bringman S. (2009). Relaxing music reduces stress during surgery.

Same trial as #9 but stress-focused analysis; see Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica record: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19154564/

Jiang F., et al. (2024). Patient-selected music improves perioperative outcomes: randomized clinical trial.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38537084/

Commentary/full text:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11326024/

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Suggested title:
Top 30 Scientific Studies Supporting Music Medicine in Surgery — Curated by Dr. Alice H. Cash, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Musicologist and Founder, Surgical Serenity Solutions

# Study title (clickable) Authors Year Journal
1 Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults Hole J, Hirsch M, Ball E, Meads C 2015 The Lancet
2 Meta-analysis of perioperative music interventions Kühlmann AYR, de Rooij A, Kroese LF, et al. 2018 British Journal of Surgery
3 Music interventions for preoperative anxiety Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M 2013 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4 The anxiety- and pain-reducing effects of music interventions: systematic review Nilsson U 2008 AORN Journal
5 A comparison of intra-operative or postoperative exposure to music Nilsson U, Rawal N, Unosson M 2003 Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
6 Music decreases sedative requirements during spinal anesthesia Lepage C, Drolet P, Girard M, et al. 2001 Anesthesia & Analgesia
7 Music and ambient operating room noise: effects on sedation requirements Ayoub C, Rizk L, Yaacoub C, et al. 2005 Anesthesia & Analgesia
8 Music and preoperative anxiety Wang SM, Kulkarni L, Dolev J, Kain ZN 2002 Anesthesia & Analgesia
9 Relaxing music reduces patient anxiety during surgery Bringman H, Giesecke K, Thörne A, Bringman S 2009 Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
10 Effectiveness of music listening in surgical patients: systematic review Lee KC, Chao YH, Yiin JJ, et al. 2011 Journal of Clinical Nursing
11 Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological outcomes in cardiac surgery patients Sendelbach S, Halm MA, Doran KA, Miller EH, Gaillard P 2006 (Cardiac surgery outcomes article)
12 Effects of music on depression and sleep quality in elderly people Chan MF, Wong ZY, Onishi H, Thayala NV 2010 Complementary Therapies in Medicine
13 Effects of music listening on cortisol and emotional responses Koelsch S, Fuermetz J, Sack U, et al. 2011 Frontiers in Psychology
14 Music improves patient satisfaction in ambulatory surgery Padmanabhan R, Hildreth AJ, Laws D 2005 Anaesthesia
15 Relaxation and music to reduce postoperative pain Good M, Stanton-Hicks M, Grass JA, et al. 1999 (Postoperative pain study)
16 The effectiveness of music as an intervention for hospital patients: a systematic review Evans D 2002 Journal of Advanced Nursing
17 Effects of music on cardiovascular reactivity among surgical patients Allen K, Blascovich J 1994 (Cardiovascular reactivity study)
18 Virtual reality and music therapy for pain management Schneider SM, Ellis M, Coombs WT, et al. 2003 (Pain management study)
19 Patient-directed music intervention in the ICU: reduces anxiety Chlan L, Weinert C, Heiderscheit A, et al. 2013 American Journal of Critical Care
20 Music listening as a nursing intervention: a systematic review McCaffrey R, Locsin R 2002 (Nursing intervention review)
21 The effect of music listening on postoperative pain and anxiety Twiss E, Seaver J, McCaffrey R 2006 (Postoperative pain/anxiety study)
22 Music reduces sensation and distress of labor pain Phumdoung S, Good M 2003 (Labor pain study)
23 The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: a meta-analysis Pelletier CL 2004 (Stress meta-analysis)
24 The effect of music on preoperative anxiety Cooke M, Chaboyer W, Schluter P, Hiratos MA 2005 (Preoperative anxiety study)
25 Music therapy reduces anxiety in surgical patients Lin PC, Lin ML, Huang LC, Hsu HC, Lin CC 2011 (Surgical anxiety study)
26 The effect of perioperative music on medication requirements: a meta-analysis Fu VX, Oomens P, Sneiders D, et al. 2019 Annals of Surgery
27 Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients Bradt J, Dileo C, Potvin N 2013 (Coronary heart disease study)
28 The effect of music on the human stress response Thoma MV, La Marca R, Brönnimann R, et al. 2013 (Stress response study)
29 Relaxing music reduces stress during surgery Bringman H, Giesecke K, Thörne A, Bringman S 2009 (Stress during surgery; related to #9)
30 Patient-selected music improves perioperative outcomes: randomized clinical trial Jiang F, et al. 2024 (Perioperative outcomes RCT)
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Top 30 Scientific Studies Supporting Music Medicine in Surgery

Curated by Dr. Alice H. Cash, PhD, LCSW — Clinical Musicologist and Founder,
Surgical Serenity Solutions

# Study title Authors Year Journal
1
Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults
Hole J, Hirsch M, Ball E, Meads C 2015 The Lancet

© 2026 Surgical Serenity Solutions. All study titles and journal names are the property of their respective publishers.


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Is a picture really worth a thousand words?

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The Surgical Patient Journey When Surgical Serenity Solutions started a few decades ago, the idea was to provide soothing music to the patient who is very anxious. But around that same time, surgeons were beginning to choose music for themselves to play during surgery. There was a widespread myth that patients under anesthesia would NOT hear the surgeon’s music and therefore surgeon’s could choose whatever they wanted, including such “gems” as “Another One Bites the Dust” by Queen.

As a clinical musicologist I knew that even though the patient might not actively be listening to the surgeon’s music, they could definitely hear it and their body would respond not only to the tempo and volume but subconsciously to the message. This could actually increase the patient’s anxiety and subsequently slow down their recovery.

But if the patient were listening to soft, rhythmic, soothing music, through cordless headphones, their process would be totally different.

The infographic graphic to your left explains, in pictures, the journey that the surgical patient takes.

Today, we have 5 therapeutic playlists, each an hour long, repeating continuously, in 5 different genres.

Clinical research has documented the power of therapeutic music to engage rhythmic entrainment and reduce anxiety and pain perception.

The music is powerful whether you listen before surgery only, during surgery, or only in the recovery area.

We sell to the hospital here.

We sell to the individual patient here.

If you’d prefer to download this very same music as an app, click here. 

 

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Who wants to be in an MRI machine: First person account about music in the MRI machine

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hypertension and music in the MRI machine

Patient with hypertension uses music in MRI

Who Wants to be in an MRI machine?

Recently I was hospitalized for hypertension (high blood pressure) and dizziness. It’s a miserable way to feel but of course I submitted to their testing in hopes of finding out what the problem was. One of the ways they go about trying to determine the problem is to do MRIs and CT scans of relevant parts, like head and neck.

If you’ve ever had an MRI you know that it is not a pleasant test. Because I was there for evaluation, they did lots of test in a short period of time. Two MRIs and a CT scan as well as 5 or 6 vials of blood. I really don’t like any of it but I understand it’s necessary.

My Personal Experience

The first MRI was not bad at all and it was quiet in the MRI suite with just me and one technician. Of course he asked me what music I’d like and of course I said something like Chopin or Brahms. He talked to me throughout and even though I had a painful IV it really wasn’t that bad. Despite periodic advertisements for tires and fast food, I was able to be calm and tolerate it.

MRI machineBut then, the next afternoon, I was told that I needed a different MRI that would take about 40-50 minutes. Unfortunately, this time, the music was not enough to keep me from suddenly experiencing a miserable attack of claustrophobia. By then, I had been in the hospital over a day with continuous tests and blood drawn and my back and leg were really hurting, in addition to my blood pressure rising more and more depite lots of hydralazine. Another factor I now understand was that the MRI tech did not break the different segments down for me like the others had done. It helps so much when they say “ok, now you’re going to have 7 minutes of this particular sound” and after 7 minutes they actually check in with me and ask how I’m doing. Assuming I’m OK, then they’ll say “now you’re going to have 6 minutes of this specific sound.” That helps me a lot, but this technician just went directly from one sound to the next with no  conversation with me.

After about 30-40 minutes I pressed the botton he had given me to hold and said “I can’t stay in here any more!!” He brought me out and said there’s only about 12-15 minutes left, but I said “I’m sorry, I can’t do it anymore!!” It was really a horrible experience and I’m not sure I can ever tolerate an MRI machine again.

Is taking a pill as good as music?

MRI headphonesI finally did go for an outpatient MRI of head and neck about two weeks later and they gave me an Ativan to calm me before hand. In that case, I fell asleep repeatedly in the machine and there was too much artifact for them to see what they needed to see.

So NO, taking a pill is even worse than having no music or the wrong music. This picture shows headphones that have been created specifically for use inside of an MRI machine and plug into the wall of the OR. I believe a certain brand of MRI machines offers them as an add-on, but I was told that they’re expensive. Our calming, therapeutic playlists can be licensed for the entire MRI suite very reasonably and played through the speakers in the machine. To find out more about this click here. 

Having soothing music in an MRI machine definitely helps and of course, all MRIs are not the same in terms of the sounds they have to create to make various parts of your body vibrate. And now there are so-called “open” MRI machines.  But an MRI is just not pleasant for people who are already in pain or have a tendency towards claustrophobia. My message is to the MRI technicians. “Pay attention to the patient in the machine and talk them through it. Don’t just put it on automatic and walk away or start scrolling on your phone.  Also, PLEASE don’t play Spotify for the patient if it has advertisements periodically. It totally takes away the benefit of the calming music when a tire advertisement comes up! And besides, it’s illegal to use a personal, free Spotify account in a hospital.

Thank you from a patient who had a terrible experience.

www.surgicalserenitysolutions.com/contact-us.

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